College Tuitions

College Tuitions January 4, 2013 The cost of college tuition seems to only go up. Physics teaches us that what goes up must come down, but college tuition has for years defied the principles of our universe. For the 2012-2013 academic year, Sarah Lawrence College ranks as the single most expensive university in the United States at $61,236. Coming in as the second most expensive university in the nation is New York University at $59,837. In third is Harvey Mudd College at $58,913.  In fourth comes the most expensive Ivy League college Columbia University. With a tuition of $58,742, going to school in the most expensive city in America raises that sticker price. In fifth is Wesleyan University with a tuition of $58,202. In sixth comes Claremont McKenna College with an annual tuition of $58,065.  With the seventh highest tuition in the nation, Dartmouth College ranks as the second most expensive Ivy League college at $57,996 per year. Drexel University comes next with a tuition price of $57,975. The University of Chicago comes in at $57,711, while Bard College comes in at $57,580 a year. Do you think its odd that some universities in big cities rank as some of Americas most expensive schools while so too do some universities in rural or suburban areas? As an example, Columbia is in New York, New York. Dartmouth is in small-town Hanover, New Hampshire. And yet their tuition prices are not very far apart. Why do you think that is? Let us know your thoughts on the matter by posting below! And do you think college tuitions will ever drop?

About Charles Garnier, the Designer of the Paris Opera

Inspired by Roman pageantry, architect Charles Garnier (born November 6, 1825 in Paris, France) wanted his buildings to have drama and spectacle. His design for the magnificent Paris Opà ©ra on the Place de lOpà ©ra in Paris combined the classicism of Renaissance architecture with ornate Beaux Arts ideas. Jean Louis Charles Garnier was born into a working class family. He was expected to become a wheelwright like his father. However Garnier wasnt healthy and his mother didnt want him to work in a forge. So, the boy took mathematics courses at the École Gratuite de Dessin. His mother hoped he would get good, steady work as a surveyor, but Charles Garnier achieved much greater success. In 1842 Garnier began studies with Louis-Hippolyte Lebas at the École Royale des Beaux-Arts de Paris. In 1848 he won the Premier Grand Prix de Rome and was off to Italy to study at the Academy in Rome. Garnier spent five years in Rome, traveling throughout Greece and Turkey, and being inspired by Roman pageantry.   Still in his 20s, Garnier aspired to design buildings that had the drama of a pageant. The highlight Charles Garniers career was his commission to design the Opà ©ra in Paris. Built between  1857 and 1874,   the Paris Opera quickly became Garniers masterpiece. With its magnificent hall and grand staircase, the design combines opulence for its patrons with remarkable acoustics for the performers. The palatial Opera House has become known as Palais Garnier.   Garniers opulent style reflected the fashion that became popular during Napoleon IIIs Second Empire. Garniers other architecture includes the Casino at Monte Carlo in Monaco, another opulent complex for the wealthy elite, and the Italian villas Bischoffsheim and Garnier in Bordighera. Several other buildings in Paris, including the Panorama Marigny theatre and Hotel du Cercle de la Librairie, cannot compare with his grand masterpieces. The architect died in Paris on August 3, 1898. Why is Garnier Important? Many people might say that Garniers importance is his creation of a house for The Phantom of the Opera. Professor Talbot Hamlin suggests otherwise, pointing out that despite the oversumptuous detail of the Opà ©ra in Paris, the architectural style was imitated for decades because there is a magnificent clarity in the general appearance, both outside and in. Hamlin notes that Garnier conceived the Opà ©ra in Paris in three parts—the stage, the auditorium, and the vestibules. Each of these three units was then developed with the greatest richness possible, but always in such a way as to accent its relationship to the other two. It is this logic as the supreme quality that was being taught at École des Beaux-Arts and perfectly executed by Garnier. A buildings logic, the basic relationships in buildings, was founded on common sense, directness, emphasis of the most important elements, and expression of purpose. This insistence on open and logical planning and on the clarity of basic expression was vitally necessary to the solution of new architectural problems, writes Professor Hamlin. Architecture became a matter of disciplined study of plan relationships. Learn More: Charles Garniers Paris Opera: Architectural Empathy and the Renaissance of French Classicism by Christopher Mead, MIT Press, 1991Charles Garniers Opà ©ra: Architecture and Exterior Decor by Gà ©rard Fontaine, 2000Charles Garniers Opera: Architecture and Interior Decor by Gà ©rard Fontaine, 2004Paris Opera House: Scale Architectural Paper Model by Jean-William Hanoteau, 1987 Source: Architecture through the Ages by Talbot Hamlin, Putnam, Revised 1953, pp. 599-600

Dracula s Power The Weaknesses Of The East During Great...

Dracula’s overwhelming supernatural power is first introduced by Jonathan Harker as he witnesses the â€Å"swept [of] his long arms, as though brushing aside some impalpable obstacle, the wolves fell back and back further still† (20). Knowing that Dracula can command wolves at his will, will send chills down anyone’s spine if they have to make Dracula their enemy. Bram Stoker created a monster that possesses a wide range of powers like: commanding wolves and rats, transformation into animal forms and mist, immense strength, restoring youthfulness by drinking human blood, turning victims into vampires, and being able to control the minds of his victims. With all that being said, Dracula’s power does have its limitations like not knowing his†¦show more content†¦Jonathan concludes that, â€Å"[Dracula] a man who never in the country; and who did not evidently do much in the way of business, his knowledge and acumen were wonderful† (37). F or Jonathan, Dracula seems like a brilliant man and he is, but to readers Dracula is simply testing the waters to make sure it is safe to enter. Dracula has been living at his castle in Transylvania for a long time, and barely makes any contact with the rapidly growing outside world. This is very similar to the far East, because they have a long history, but chooses to keep to themselves until the Europeans start to invade their land. The East started to modernize after the West was far ahead in development of new technology and science. The East starts to fall behind, and their slow response to catch up to the West made them susceptible to invasion. Dracula also made himself vulnerable when he carelessly reveals his hideout in the castle to Jonathan. Jonathan makes several trips to Dracula’s room, and one time he discovers â€Å"in one of the great boxes [. . .] lay the Count!† (50). This initial encounter with Dracula during his sleep strikes fear in Jonathan, and he quickly withdrew from the room. Dracula has no intention of changing his hideout, which gave Jonathan another chance to stumble upon his sleeping body. This time Jonathan picks up a shovel and strikes â€Å"the hateful face† of Dracula (54). If Jonathan knows the proper way to

Urban Growth During the Gilded Age Social, Cultural,...

Rodrigo Sanchez Urban Growth during the Gilded Age: Social, Cultural, Political, and Economic Changes One of the most notable times during the late 19th century was the Gilded Age. This is a term often used to describe this time period since from the outside looking in urban life in America seemed perfect, but in reality, many citizens did not like the changes that were occurring. Since the verb gild means to cover with or as if with a thin coating of gold[1], historians often refer to this time period as â€Å"the Gilded Age†. New ideals about poverty, social reforms, different political approaches, and a new women’s culture brought forth political, economic, social, and cultural changes in urban growth during the†¦show more content†¦Different views on poverty altered urban life as well. Those who were better off economically saw poverty as a weakness. They believed the poor were poor because of a lack of work ethic and determination, this theory was known as Social Darwinis m. This theory is emphasized by Andrew Carnegie who, in his book Wealth, states that it is â€Å"much better great inequality than universal squalor† (Document A). Not only are those his thoughts about poverty, but he also finds it â€Å"essential for the future progress of the race† (Document A). This belief was shared by many successful entrepreneurs. There were, however, those who did not share this idea. There were those who believed the poor were poor due to their surroundings and the lack of opportunities they had. Such individuals include Jacob A. Riis. In his book, How the Other Half Lives, Riis says, â€Å"If it shall appear that the sufferings and the sins of the ‘other half’, and the evil they breed, are but as just punishment upon the community that gave it no other choice, it will be because that is the truth† (Document H). Riis puts the blame on the community, not on people themselves. This belief is also shared by Jane Addams, who aft er helping out a German immigrant realized that she didn’t need charity, since she had an â€Å"immense capacity†, but the service of the state’s attorney (Document J). These different views on poverty ultimately changed urban life by starting a social reform movement, which willShow MoreRelatedDuring the 19th century, America was going through an important transition. The nation was dealing1300 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the 19th century, America was going through an important transition. The nation was dealing with the aftermath of the civil war and the following reconstruction of the South. The Reconstruction period was the precursor to the period deemed the â€Å"Gilded Age†. The nation saw economic growth and the creation of the mass market. The rise of industrialization and transition to urban living were some of the defining moments of this period. However, the most defining idea of the Gilded Age is Reform:Read MoreAnalysis Of The Gilded Age1348 Words   |  6 Pagesa major text in Gilded Age historiography because Edwards encompasses social, political, and economic history, weaving them together into a cohesive narrative. Critics mention her lack of footnotes (but are quick to point out that her extensive â€Å"for further reading† sections help to balance this) and that her emphasis on cohesion may be overstated. Edward’s thesis is that the Gilded Age was not a patently bad time in American history, but that America underwent tremendous change, ushering it intoRead MoreCultural Change and Shifting Views of America Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pages Cultural Change and Shifting Views of America Tina Hudaifa ARTS/125 – Pop Culture and the Arts Professor: Kevin Ballard April 20, 2015 Cultural Change and Shifting View in America ManyRead MoreThe past century saw major developments in the economic, social, political and cultural life of the1600 Words   |  7 PagesThe past century saw major developments in the economic, social, political and cultural life of the United States as it grew from a burgeoning industrial nation to the world’s leading superpower. By the 1900s, giant firms such as Carneige Steel, The Standard Oil Trust, among a few others controlled 2/5th of the nation’s marketing capital. This resulted in a rapid increase in the number of industrial workers and even though the American society was growing wealthier overall, there were several thousandsRead MoreUrbanization During The United States1247 Words   |  5 Pages Every settled nation will at some point go through urbanization – the mass movement to urban areas. In the United States, one of the largest examples of urbanization was in the time period 1865 to 1910. By 1900, almost forty percent of all Americans lived i n urban towns and cities. This rapid movement brought about substantial change in all aspects of the country. Some aspects were altered more than others, for example society as a whole, the economy, and city government. Urbanization has had aRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1196 Words   |  5 PagesNearly all social classes felt its benefits. Workers rights improved, taxes were lowered, technology advanced, and industry boomed. The war was brutal and the roaring twenties were a chance for the United States to put the past behind and enjoy the fruits of a new culture and a thriving economy. Post WW1 American society advancements in technology created the first generation exposed to multiple forms of media and therefore created a more common exposure to distributed ideas. The political situationRead More2.) To What Extent Did The Coming Of The Harlem Renaissance1483 Words   |  6 Pages2.) To what extent did the coming of the Harlem Renaissance represent a social and Cultural Revolution in the United States? Did all accept this renaissance? The Harlem Renaissance gave the black race new culture identity. The renaissance was very artistic, musical and literary. There were more black writers during this time. Not as many as white, but still it was a movement in the black identity. They were showing America that they could do as much as whites could and do it as good. The HarlemRead MoreThe American Cities During The Colonial Era2048 Words   |  9 PagesLarge amounts of people came from all over the world to the American cities during the colonial era. One of the main reasons why people migrated was because they were seeking religious freedom and better economic opportunity. In the American cities, there were more resources available to the people s uch as information that could be easily accessed, better paying jobs, high quality food supply, and transportation was provided and sometimes since the factories were located within the cities you didn’tRead MoreA SELECTION OF PAST AP U.S. FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS:3529 Words   |  15 Pageswhat extent were those aspirations fulfilled during the seventeenth century? (83) 3. In the two decades before the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, there was a profound shift in the way many Americans thought and felt about the British government and their colonial governments. Assess the validity of this statement in view of the political and constitutional debates of these decades. (89) 4. Throughout the colonial period, economic concerns had more to do with the settling of BritishRead MoreHistory 122 Midterm Study Questions Essay3296 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿CHAPTER 16 Question 1 All of the following factors contributed to explosive economic growth during the Gilded Age EXCEPT: d)   low tariffs. Question 2 By 1890, the majority of Americans: e)   worked for wages. Question 3 The second industrial revolution was marked by: d)   the acceleration of factory production and increased activity in the mining and railroad industries. Question 4 The ____________ made possible the second industrial revolution in America. b)

Cultural Differences And Diversity Of The Australian Media

The Australian media plays a prominent role in influencing the way society makes sense of the world and its relations with others through portraying certain dominant discourses of politics, cultures and current affairs. Through this it can have positive and negative effects on cultural differences experienced within multicultural Australia. This essay will discuss the discourses that are prevalent in commercial and non-commercial television about cultural differences and diversity, and how this can either promote or denounce the inclusiveness of communities or allowing alternative voices to be heard. The media narrates contemporary problems or stories in society in a way that can have a significant influence on how its viewers understand†¦show more content†¦When commercial television is discussing and prevailing such dominant discourses about ideas of marriage, terrorism, socio economic statuses, mental health, politics and other cultures, it has the ability to disempower difference through only explaining these issues from one view point of view or a singular representation. This constant widespread negative coverage of minorities or other cultures can misguide Australian attitudes and viewpoints, to further reaffirm certain prejudices or biases by only being exposed to the negative actions of a group (Jacobs Kershen 2011). This Symbolic violence can describe minorities in a way that leaves them voiceless, ignored and condemned through media and the views of larger society (Venzo Hess 2013). When ethnic minorities are shown in a prominent role on commercial televisio n or a news segment, it is usually in relation to crime and disorder or from being a perceived social threat to the Australian culture or way of life (Phillips 2011). Although all broadcasting media need to follow protocols within their policies to avoid representing ethnic and religious communities in ways that are discriminatory within their practice, it is still conducted in a way that disempowers these communities and maintains the prejudices against them (Phillips 2011). An example of this is howShow MoreRelatedEssay on Diversity ANZ Bank1307 Words   |  6 PagesANZ Bank After analysing the ANZ diversity policy, I have identified two key business objectives they are trying to pursue. The first being the ageing population within Australia and the second being an international expansion into Asian economies. 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This forms under the basis of which the media should not promote prejudice and intolerance of these issues. Ultimately, the regulation aims to terminate potentially harmful images from the media, protect adults from spontaneous material that is likely offensive against social values. Minimal requirements are necessary for Australian content on digital media outlets such as television or radio, so as to prohibit overseasRead MoreSocial Inequality And Stereotyping Cultures From Political Power1384 Words   |  6 Pagesthe argument of how the one off multicultural events can be seen as racist, fostering social-inequality and stereotyping cultures from political power. It will also outline how educators with the right strategies and planning can foster valuable cultural experiences and cultivate socio-equality with their students and their school communities. Multicultural education is the term used most frequently in the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom and Canada, with the term intercultural educationRead MoreMulticulturalism and the Benefits of Migration in Australia1678 Words   |  7 PagesAustralian Parliament Joint Standing Committee on Migration Submission No. 3 MULTICULTURALISM AND THE BENEFITS OF MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA SUBMISSION: Committee Secretary, Joint Standing Committee on Migration House of Representatives, Parliament House, Canberra ACT 2600 NH 28 February, 2011 The beginnings of white migration and multiculturalism in Australia saw our British forefathers arriving in boats on the shores of the â€Å"land down under†. Boat loads of prisoners – reluctant migrantsRead MoreCultural Competency And Health Care1462 Words   |  6 Pages Cultural competency is secure, respectful, reciprocal relationships and partnerships, which respects for diversity and obey expectations and equity. In today’s society, cultural competency is quite important to the worldwide healthcare due to the cultural differences. In Melbourne, Australia, Monash Health is a community service in the local government area (LGA) of Monash. In order to demonstrate the features and importance of cultural competency, details of this community (Monash) are going toRead MoreImproving Awareness Of The Indigenous Peoples And Cultures1478 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale: The lesson sequence targets AITSL Standard 2.4 and affords Indigenous Australian peoples justice by helping to destroy misconceptions about them, their histories and their cultures. Unfortunately, Australian schools have been identified as a major setting of race-based discrimination (Lester, 2000, p.12). However, children and adolescents are at periods of substantial development in cognitive, social and emotional skills when they are at school (Aboud Levy, 2000, p. 270) and schoolsRead MoreSocial Perspectives On Education And The Sociology Of Education1273 Words   |  6 Pageseducation can be conducted only within the framework of social institutions and processes and it is impossible to ignore the constant modifying of various culture patterns that is found, particularly in organized education (the school). Environmental and cultural factor applies as well but education, in turn, reflects its influence back on society and its various patterns of culture. For example, the background of educational sociology, according to Schaper, can be traced to far out as the 18th Century ofRead MoreHow Language Is The Key Element For Teaching Language And Literacy1310 Wor ds   |  6 Pagesopportunities for learning new concepts and new ways for understanding the world. Culture is an integrated pattern of human knowledge, beliefs, moral goals, values, and behaviour. Social-Cultural inclusivity is the crucial element for teaching language and literacy in the classroom. Discussing language as an object; cultural diversity; Vygotsky’s theory; significance of Bilingual children; the effects of social class; significance of multiliteracies in the classroom; awareness of post-structuralism; the importanceRead MoreSocioeconomic Factors Of A Student s Life And Lower Academic Outcomes1711 Words   |  7 Pageslow socioeconomic status is an important issue for teachers to explore to mitigate disadvantage in this segment of the population. This is evident from research that points to a positive correlation with wealth and student achievement. In the Australian context, the positive correlation between student achievement and socioeconomic background is stronger compared to student achievement in other Western countries (Ewing, 2013, p. 78). Families with higher socioeconomic status are better equipped

Descriptive Statistics free essay sample

There are two main branches of statistics: descriptive and inferential. Descriptive statistics is used to say something about a set of information that has been collected only. Inferential statistics is used to make predictions or comparisons about a larger group (a population) using information gathered about a small part of that population. Thus, inferential statistics involves generalizing beyond the data, something that descriptive statistics does not do. Other distinctions are sometimes made between data types. Discrete data are whole numbers, and are usually a count of objects. (For instance, one study might count how many pets different families own; it wouldn’t make sense to have half a goldfish, would it? ) †¢ Measured data, in contrast to discrete data, are continuous, and thus may take on any real value. (For example, the amount of time a group of children spent watching TV would be measured data, since they could watch any number of hours, even though their wa tching habits will probably be some multiple of 30 minutes. ) †¢ Numerical data are numbers. Categorical data have labels (i. e. words). (For example, a list of the products bought by different families at a grocery store would be categorical data, since it would go something like {milk, eggs, toilet paper, . . . }. ) Scales of Measurement Statistical information, including numbers and sets of numbers, has specific qualities that are of interest to researchers. These qualities, including magnitude, equal intervals, and absolute zero, determine what scale of measurement is being used and therefore what statistical procedures are est. Magnitude refers to the ability to know if one score is greater than, equal to, or less than another score. Equal intervals means that the possible scores are each an equal distance from each other. And finally, absolute zero refers to a point where none of the scale exists or where a score of zero can be assigned. When we combine these three scale qualities, we can determine that there are four scales of measurement. The lowest level is the nomi nal scale, which represents only names and therefore has none of the three qualities. A list of students in alphabetical order, a list of favorite cartoon characters, or the names on an organizational chart would all be classified as nominal data. The second level, called ordinal data, has magnitude only, and can be looked at as any set of data that can be placed in order from greatest to lowest but where there is no absolute zero and no equal intervals. Examples of this type of scale would include Likert Scales and the Thurstone Technique. The third type of scale is called an interval scale, and possesses both magnitude and equal intervals, but no absolute zero. Temperature is a classic example of an interval scale because we know that each degree is the same distance apart and we can easily tell if one temperature is greater than, equal to, or less than another. Temperature, however, has no absolute zero because there is (theoretically) no point where temperature does not exist. Finally, the fourth and highest scale of measurement is called a ratio scale. A ratio scale contains all three qualities and is often the scale that statisticians prefer because the data can be more easily analyzed. Age, height, weight, and scores on a 100-point test would all be examples of ratio scales. If you are 20 years old, you not only know that you are older than someone who is 15 years old (magnitude) but you also know that you are five years older (equal intervals). With a ratio scale, we also have a point where none of the scale exists; when a person is born his or her age is zero. Random Sampling The first statistical sampling method is simple random sampling. In this method, each item in the population has the same probability of being selected as part of the sample as any other item. For example, a tester could randomly select 5 inputs to a test case from the population of all possible valid inputs within a range of 1-100 to use during test execution, To do this the tester could use a random number generator or simply put each number from 1-100 on a slip of paper in a hat, mixing them up and drawing out 5 numbers. Random sampling can be done with or without replacement. If it is done without replacement, an item is not returned to the population after it is selected and thus can only occur once in the sample. Systematic Sampling Systematic sampling is another statistical sampling method. In this method, every nth element from the list is selected as the sample, starting with a sample element n randomly selected from the first k elements. For example, if the population has 1000 elements and a sample size of 100 is needed, then k would be 1000/100 = 10. If number 7 is randomly selected from the first ten elements on the list, the sample would continue down the list selecting the 7th element from each group of ten elements. Care must be taken when using systematic sampling to ensure that the original population list has not been ordered in a way that introduces any non-random factors into the sampling. An example of systematic sampling would be if the auditor of the acceptance test process selected the 14th acceptance test case out of the first 20 test cases in a random list of all acceptance test cases to retest during the audit process. The auditor would then keep adding twenty and select the 34th test case, 54th test case, 74th test case and so on to retest until the end of the list is reached. Stratified Sampling The statistical sampling method called stratified sampling is used when representatives from each subgroup within the population need to be represented in the sample. The first step in stratified sampling is to divide the population into subgroups (strata) based on mutually exclusive criteria. Random or systematic samples are then taken from each subgroup. The sampling fraction for each subgroup may be taken in the same proportion as the subgroup has in the population. For example, if the person conducting a customer satisfaction survey selected random customers from each customer type in proportion to the number of customers of that type in the population. For example, if 40 samples are to be selected, and 10% of the customers are managers, 60% are users, 25% are operators and 5% are database administrators then 4 managers, 24 uses, 10 operators and 2 administrators would be randomly selected. Stratified sampling can also sample an equal number of items from each subgroup. For example, a development lead randomly selected three modules out of each programming language used to examine against the coding standard. Cluster Sampling The fourth statistical sampling method is called cluster sampling, also called block sampling. In cluster sampling, the population that is being sampled is divided into groups called clusters. Instead of these subgroups being homogeneous based on a selected criteria as in stratified sampling, a cluster is as heterogeneous as possible to matching the population. A random sample is then taken from within one or more selected clusters. For example, if an organization has 30 small projects currently under development, an auditor looking for compliance to the coding standard might use cluster sampling to randomly select 4 of those projects as representatives for the audit and then randomly sample code modules for auditing from just those 4 projects. Cluster sampling can tell us a lot about that particular cluster, but unless the clusters are selected randomly and a lot of clusters are sampled, generalizations cannot always be made about the entire population. For example, random sampling from all the source code modules written during the previous week, or all the modules in a particular subsystem, or all modules written in a particular language may cause biases to enter the sample that would not allow statistically valid generalization. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING Non-probability sampling is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that does not give all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected. In any form of research, true random sampling is always difficult to achieve. Most researchers are bounded by time, money and workforce and because of these limitations, it is almost impossible to randomly sample the entire population and it is often necessary to employ another sampling technique, the non-probability sampling technique. In contrast with probability sampling, non-probability sample is not a product of a randomized selection processes. Subjects in a non-probability sample are usually selected on the basis of their accessibility or by the purposive personal judgment of the researcher. The downside of this is that an unknown proportion of the entire population was not sampled. This entails that the sample may or may not represent the entire population accurately. Therefore, the results of the research cannot be used in generalizations pertaining to the entire population. TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING CONVENIENCE SAMPLING Convenience sampling is probably the most common of all sampling techniques. With convenience sampling, the samples are selected because they are accessible to the researcher. Subjects are chosen simply because they are easy to recruit. This technique is considered easiest, cheapest and least time consuming. CONSECUTIVE SAMPLING Consecutive sampling is very similar to convenience sampling except that it seeks to include ALL accessible subjects as part of the sample. This non-probability sampling technique can be considered as the best of all non-probability samples because it includes all subjects that are available that makes the sample a better representation of the entire population. QUOTA SAMPLING Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling technique wherein the researcher nsures equal or proportionate representation of subjects depending on which trait is considered as basis of the quota. For example, if basis of the quota is college year level and the researcher needs equal representation, with a sample size of 100, he must select 25 1st year students, another 25 2nd year students, 25 3rd year and 25 4th year students. The bases of the quota are usually age, gender, education, race, religion and socioeconomic status. JUDGMENTAL SAMPLING Judgmental sampling is more commonly known as purposive sampling. In this type of sampling, subjects are chosen to be part of the sample with a specific purpose in mind. With judgmental sampling, the researcher believes that some subjects are more fit for the research compared to other individuals. This is the reason why they are purposively chosen as subjects. SNOWBALL SAMPLING Snowball sampling is usually done when there is a very small population size. In this type of sampling, the researcher asks the initial subject to identify another potential subject who also meets the criteria of the research. The downside of using a snowball sample is that it is hardly representative of the population. WHEN TO USE NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING This type of sampling can be used when demonstrating that a particular trait exists in the population. * It can also be used when the researcher aims to do a qualitative, pilot or exploratory study. * It can be used when randomization is impossible like when the population is almost limitless. * It can be used when the research does not aim to generate results that will be used to create generalizations pertaining to the entire population. It is also useful when the researcher has limited budget, time and workforce. * This technique can also be used in an initial study which will be carried out again using a randomized, probability sampling. Definition of Statistics Statistics like many other sciences is a developing discipline. It is not nothing static. It has gradually developed during last few centuries. In different times, it has been defined in diff erent manners. Some definitions of the past look very strange today but those definitions had their place in their own time. Defining a subject has always been difficult task. A good definition of today may be discarded in future. It is difficult to define statistics. Some of the definitions are reproduced here: (1) The kings and rulers in the ancient times were interested in their manpower. They conducted census of population to get information about their population. They used information to calculate their strength and ability for wars. In those days statistics was defined as â€Å"the science of kings, political and science of statecraft† 2) A. L. Bowley defined statistics as â€Å"statistics is the science of counting† This definition places the entries stress on counting only. A common man also thinks as if statistics is nothing but counting. This used to be the situation but very long time ago. Statistics today is not mere counting of people, counting of animals, counting of trees and counting of fighting force. It has now grown to a rich methods of data analysis and interpretation. (3 ) A. L. Bowley has also defined as â€Å"science of averages† This definition is very simple but it covers only some area of statistics. Average is very simple important in statistics. Experts are interested in average deaths rates, average birth rates, average increase in population, and average increase in per capita income, average increase in standard of living and cost of living, average development rate, average inflation rate, average production of rice per acre, average literacy rate and many other averages of different fields of practical life. But statistics is not limited to average only. There are many other statistical tools like measure of variation, measure of correlation, measures of independence etc†¦ Thus this definition is weak and incomplete and has been buried in the past. (4) Prof: Boddington has defined statistics as â€Å"science of estimate and probabilities† This definition covers a major part of statistics. It is close to the modern statistics. But it is not complete because it stress only on probability. There are some areas of statistics in which probability is not used. (5) A definition due to W. I. King is â€Å"the science of statistics is the method of judging collection, natural or social phenomena from the results obtained from the analysis or enumeration or collection of estimates†. This definition is close to the modern statistics. But it does not cover the entire scope of modern statistics. Secrist has given a detailed definition of statistics in plural sense. His definition is given on the previous. He has not given any importance to statistics in singular sense. Statistics both in the singular and the plural sense has been combined in the following definition which is accepted as the modern definition of statistics. statistics are the numerical statement of facts capable of analysis and interpretation and the science of statistics is the study of the principles and the methods applied in collecting, presenting, analysis and interpreting the numerical data in any field of inquiry. † sta ·tis ·tics (st-tstks)n. 1. (used with a sing. verb) The mathematics of the collection, organization, and interpretation of numerical data, especially the analysis of population characteristics by inference from sampling. 2. (used with a pl. verb) Numerical data.

Early pregnancy free essay sample

Early pregnancy is considered â€Å"socially problematic† such as : broken families, discrimination and some teenagers feel they all alone. In addition, people believes that being pregnant in an early age are at the high risk for poor health outcomes during pregnancy such as checkups ,vitamins and even exercise and it is a result of being a child mother because they are young not to know what the right things to do. And even in the child birth she didn’t know how to care with her baby because she’s too young. And in the process of growing up of her child most of them does not able to teach a good attitude to their child because even them their parents haven’t teach them well so the history repeat itself. But in the other way around some child mother care, teach and give their all attention to their baby because they don’t want that their baby would be same after them. Their parents must also help them to know more about the privacy and the sacredness of having sex. Teens can become pregnant as a result of sexual abuse or rape. Between 43 and 62 percent of teen sacknowledge that they were impregnated by an adult male, and two-thirds report that their babies fathers are as old as 27. Approximately 5 percent of all teen births are the result of a rape. Teen drinking can cause an unexpected pregnancy, according to the website Love to Know. Many teens experiment with drugs and alcohol. Drinking lowers a teens ability to control her impulses, contributing to 75 percent of pregnancies that occur between the ages 14 and 21. Approximately 91 percent of pregnant teens reported that although they were drinking at the time, they did not originally plan to have sex when they conceived. How to prevent Early Pregnancy? Teenagers must control and abstain theirselves and wait for the right time. Only married couples are legal to have sex because sex is very sacred.